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Introduction While reforms such as the abolition of the non-dom regime and the expansion of third-party reporting attract most attention, Making Tax Digital for Income Tax Self Assessment (MTD-ITSA) may prove to be one of the most structurally important changes to the UK tax system of the decade. Unlike headline rate changes, MTD-ITSA does not alter what is taxed or how much tax is paid. Instead, it changes how and when information is reported to HMRC, with significant consequences for compliance behaviour, error detection, and long-term enforcement. What MTD-ITSA actually does MTD-ITSA replaces annual reporting for certain income streams with a digital, periodic reporting framework. Specifically, it applies only to: Trading income (sole traders and, in due course, partnerships); and UK property income, including residential and commercial lettings. Where a taxpayer’s combined gross income from these sources exceeds the relevant threshold, they are required to submit: Quarterly digital updates of income and expenses; An End of Period Statement (EOPS); and A Final Declaration, which replaces the traditional Self Assessment return for those income sources. Importantly, quarterly updates are not tax returns and do not create tax liabilities. They are informational submissions designed to improve accuracy and timeliness. What MTD-ITSA does not cover MTD-ITSA does not apply to: Employment income; Pension income; Dividend or interest income; Capital gains. These income types remain within the annual Self Assessment system and continue to be reported on a once-per-year basis. This distinction is fundamental to understanding both the scope and limits of MTD-ITSA. Interaction with crypto and other investment activity This is an area where confusion frequently arises. Most UK crypto holders are taxed as investors, meaning their activity falls within Capital Gains Tax. In those cases: Crypto gains remain outside MTD-ITSA; and Reporting continues to take place annually through Self Assessment. MTD-ITSA becomes relevant to crypto only where an individual’s activity amounts to trading for tax purposes. In such cases, the profits are taxed as trading income and fall within MTD-ITSA because they are trading profits, not because they relate to cryptoassets. In other words, crypto is incidental. The same treatment would apply to any other form of trading income. Why MTD-ITSA still matters systemically Although MTD-ITSA is limited in scope, its broader significance lies in how it reshapes compliance dynamics. Quarterly digital reporting: Shortens HMRC’s detection cycle; Reduces the scope for long-running errors; and Encourages earlier engagement with tax positions. When combined with wider third-party reporting regimes, this creates a more connected compliance environment – even though the underlying legal regimes remain distinct. Conclusion MTD-ITSA is not a universal reporting system and it does not pull investment income or capital gains into quarterly reporting. It is a targeted reform focused on trading and property income, designed to modernise reporting rather than expand the tax base. Understanding where it applies – and where it does not – is essential for accurate compliance and sensible planning. Final thoughts MTD-ITSA should be approached as an operational change, not a substantive tax reform. For most investors, including crypto investors, it will have no direct impact at all. For traders and property landlords, however, it represents a fundamental shift in how tax compliance is managed. Call to action If you have trading or property income, review whether and when MTD-ITSA will apply to you, and ensure your systems and processes are capable of supporting quarterly digital reporting. If you have any queries about MTD or other UK or UAE tax matters then please get in touch.